The use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) in strengthening beams in Essay

The use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) in strengthening beams in the UK - Essay Example The material composites reinforced with carbon fibers have a higher tensile strength when compared to other materials. CFRP materials are thus very effective in areas exhibiting strong tensile forces. Although the tensile strength of steel is higher than that of FRP materials, steel is much stiffer and inappropriate to use in areas requiring some mobility. CFRP materials are less fragile and are able to absorb more shear forces compared to steel plates (Feih and Mouritz, 2012). These characteristics enable the designers to create products that are lesser in weight and in thickness. Corrosion resistance FRP materials have high abilities to resist corrosion compared to other materials including steel. This makes them appropriate to use in situations where corrosion is a concern for instance in the construction of bridges. Using FRP composites in outdoor applications thus guarantees long life and lesser expenses concerning maintenance. Enhanced Fatigue Life FRP materials are resistant t o fatigue and thus enable engineers to design flexible structures. The ability to absorb stress allows structures to have long life. This makes the FRP materials appropriate to apply in construction of bridges decks and the strengthening of bridges. ... Tailored characteristics FRP materials are flexible to use and customize according to the required design. Materials such as steel and concrete offer extra strength and stiffness that intrinsically compel the application of isotopic structural designs. In addition, the extra axial stiffness normally results to distress to attraction of forces in instances of seismic attacks. The FRP materials have an enhanced efficiency and viability even in seismic prone areas (Feih and Mouritz, 2012). Sustainability The application of glass-fiber FRP materials is characterized as sustainable and environment-friendly. In terms of energy consumption, the quantity of energy required to produce steel or aluminum is far much greater than that required for the production of FRP composites. Electromagnetic conduction FRP composites are non-conductors of electricity and can thus be applied in constructions around regions prone to electric shock including bridges in factories and along railway transactions. Disadvantages of FRP composites Although FRP composites have numerous advantages that make them ideal to use for construction work, they still have some setbacks, which make their application an issue. One of the disadvantages is that FRP composites are expensive compared to conventional materials such as girder. They are expensive in the short-term though if well maintained the long-term costs are negligible. FRP materials are guaranteed to long life. Although their application is easier and quicker, their lifespan can be short-lived when subjected to unfavorable environmental conditions (Feih and Mouritz, 2012). Applications of FRP The literature review has revealed various areas of application of the FRP technology. Some of the areas are

Poverty related issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty related issues - Essay Example This scheme allows and asks all the citizens across all the states irrespective of their residence to participate in the charity, because poverty and charity are both indiscriminate disregarding time and space. In this process one may not think that pro rata contribution of a few dollars by him/her is the job done. One may contribute as much as he can comfortably afford. Here comfortable affordability means the amount, which can alleviate a suffering of a poor without causing a suffering for you. And one should never sit back to see what others have contributed. If all of the citizens think like that then the charity may go empty and poor may die. While drawing a thin line between charity and duty one must be very careful. A man who gives regular and enough charity should not consider himself generous. Bread left over from one's meal always belongs to the poor. Here it is never meant that a citizen is required either to give away half of his income into charity, or all that he himself does not need. The beauty of helping others lies in a feeling for those who suffer from poverty. Utilitarian point of view is very clear about this. One should work enough to have enough to give away in charity. Keeping oneself underutilize is not good. And one should never think that since government is responsible for the social spending on poor, he/she is absolved of this responsibility. Other point which may stop a person from charity is that poor are always over populated and they do not follow the population control programs. Coercive application of these programs never works. A conducive environment comes from enough purpose oriented recreational and educational programs. Poverty is also a state... Poverty is the name of a situation and process. This is a situation when an individual, family or a community can not provide for bare minimum needs of food, clothing, shelter and heath. It is the process when this situation causes, hunger, disease, and death. Historically poverty and affluence have coexisted in the human society (Peter singer 1972). The solutions to the poverty always existed in human morality. When the human conscience is rightly jerked, it is hoped that poverty would no more be seen in the human societies. State the general occurrence of poverty in Unite States (the most affluent society) In United States of America only about 32 million people live below the line of poverty. This number is distributed unevenly amongst different socio-economic groups of the states. 25%Afro-American, 22% Hispanics, 10%Asian American, 8% non-Hispanic whites respectively live in the perpetual poverty. Income inequalities and racial discrimination is the worst producer of poverty in the American Society. The worst hit groups in the ethno-racial groups are the poor children, women and disabled. These marginalized people are vulnerable to homelessness, street crimes, malnourishment, neglect in the health care, domestic violence and discriminate educational facilities. What are the social problems emanating from poverty? Different social problems emanate from this marginalized group of American society that directly hit the American society. Poverty is badly impacting the health of women and children. The burden on health facilities and health insurance is increasing many folds in these poverty stricken communities. When the parents cannot afford the children’s feeding costs.